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MIGUEL COUTO RAMOS Independent Financial Advisory

II · Concept and capabilities

What the engagement is

Present where the decision is taken. Today, above all on boards of directors and investment committees; and, where the transaction warrants it, at the negotiating table.

Positioning

A method focused on results

An advisor specialising in complex corporate reorganisations — those that carry, at the same time, a financial problem, a corporate problem and an operational one, and where solving one without the others solves nothing.

The method is the same in any mandate: identify the real problem behind the stated one, design the solution the business can actually deliver and carry the negotiation through to agreement. The stated problem is almost always the most visible symptom, rarely what decides the outcome.

He combines knowledge of strategy and corporate finance with long-standing relationships with banks, creditors, domestic and foreign investors, private equity funds and business families in Brazil and Portugal.

The mandate ends at closing, not on delivery of the opinion. On larger transactions the role is one of coordination, with a partner house providing the team and the execution; on those with a smaller workload, though of greater complexity, the work is run entirely in-house.

A transaction is decided in three or four moments. The mandate is to be present at those.

Sectors

Industry and infrastructure · agribusiness · energy · real estate · financial services · consumer and media. An indicative list of the sectors with a track record, not a limitation: no sector is excluded in principle.

Geographies

Brazil and Portugal — cross-border mandates in multiple currencies and jurisdictions

Counterparties

Shareholders and families · boards · creditors and banks · funds and institutional investors · regulators

Where mandates come from

What brings a mandate

Five concrete situations. In all of them the decision is a corporate one before it is a technical one — which is why it reaches a board. Each points to the capabilities it calls on.

Many of the mandates begin from a restructuring situation — financial, corporate or operational. None of these is resolved by delivering a report: it is resolved by conducting the negotiation through to agreement, and answering for it afterwards.

The concept

The scope of the engagement

Fifteen capabilities, in three service lines, deployed on their own or in combination. A restructuring mandate typically calls on four or five of them at once — it is that combination, not any single capability, that defines the practice.

Strategic advisory

Restructuring and special situations

Boards, shareholders and families

Capabilities

The range of advisory services

Service line 01

Strategic advisory

Capability 01

Advisory on mergers and acquisitions

Acquisitions run from first contact through to closing — with price and structure settled before the negotiation begins.

  • Definition of the acquisition thesis and construction of the target universe, with explicit selection and exclusion criteria.
  • Valuation of each target and setting of the price range the thesis supports — the limit is defined before the negotiation, not during it.
  • Coordination of due diligence and translation of its findings into price adjustment, reference working capital, representations and warranties, and conditions precedent.
  • Design of the structure: vehicle, instruments, price mechanism — cash-free debt-free or completion accounts — payment schedule and earn-out.
  • Conduct of the negotiation through to closing, with oversight of integration where the mandate provides for it.

Typical situations

  • Growth by acquisition in a fragmented market
  • Entry into a new market or geography
  • Sector consolidation with a window of opportunity

Deliverables

  • Target universe and selection criteria
  • Valuation and price limit fixed before the table
  • Structure, price mechanism and terms negotiated

What decides the outcome The price ceiling set before the negotiation begins. Whoever only sets it at the table is no longer setting it.

Capability 02

Divestments and company sales

The sale of a company is decided in the preparation: who is approached, in what order, and with what information at each stage.

  • Choice of the sale dynamic — bilateral, restricted process or competitive auction — according to the asset, the time available and the risk of exposure.
  • Preparation of the asset: EBITDA normalisation, corporate tidying and vendor due diligence, anticipating the points a buyer would use as price leverage.
  • Construction of the blind teaser and the information memorandum, process letter and phased data room, controlling what is disclosed in each round.
  • Identification and approach of buyers, strategic and financial, each with its own rationale to pay above standalone value.
  • Conduct of the process — non-binding indications, shortlist, firm offers and exclusivity — with periodic progress reports to the deciding body.

Typical situations

  • Non-core asset or outside the group's core
  • Need for liquidity or to reduce leverage
  • Succession without family continuity

Deliverables

  • Teaser, information memorandum and phased data room
  • Long list and shortlist with each buyer's rationale
  • Progress reports and a process run through to closing

What decides the outcome Preparing the asset before opening the process. An asset taken to market untidy always trades at a discount.

Capability 03

Joint ventures and partnerships

Design and negotiation of corporate partnerships — from the strategic rationale to the agreement that governs the relationship between the partners.

  • Assessment of the economic rationale and of the complementarity between the partners.
  • Definition of the corporate structure, the capital contributions and the sharing of results.
  • Negotiation of the shareholders' agreement: governance, deadlocks, admission and exit of partners.
  • Oversight of execution and of the relationship between the partners over the life of the partnership.

Typical situations

  • A project requiring capital and capabilities from both sides
  • Entry into a market with a local partner
  • Risk-sharing in a large investment

Deliverables

  • Partnership structure and capital split
  • Shareholders' agreement negotiated
  • Governance and deadlock-resolution mechanisms

What decides the outcome The exit rules, agreed while the parties still understand one another. What undoes a partnership is what the partnership did not foresee.

Capability 04

Asset monetisation (IPO)

Preparing the company and the shareholder for the market — on the issuer's side, never the placing syndicate's.

  • Assessment of the alternatives before the process: a flotation, a strategic sale and the entry of a financial investor are rarely worth the same to the shareholder.
  • Preparation of the company — business plan, equity story, corporate bodies, reporting and internal control — within the timetable the market requires.
  • Selection and negotiation of the syndicate — global coordinators, bookrunners, lawyers and auditors — including fees, lock-up and research coverage commitments.
  • Coordination of the syndicate and the advisers at every stage, with the shareholder retaining control of the timetable.
  • Advice on setting the indicative range, on reading the bookbuilding and on the decision to proceed, reprice or withdraw the offer.

Typical situations

  • Preparation for a flotation
  • A shareholder seeking partial liquidity
  • Need for reporting discipline ahead of the market

Deliverables

  • Business plan and equity story revised
  • Syndicate assembled and mandates negotiated
  • Offer coordinated from bookbuilding to admission

What decides the outcome Having the file ready before the window opens. The window opens and closes; the material cannot be improvised.

Capability 05

Real estate

Within an industrial or family group, real estate is rarely managed as an asset in its own right — and that is where the value lies.

  • Inventory and valuation of the portfolio, separating what is operational, what is surplus and what is monetisable.
  • Value-creation plan — change of use, licensing, development or disposal — with the alternatives compared.
  • Structuring of the financing and of the capital partnerships, including sale and leaseback where the operational use is to be retained.
  • Origination and structuring of development projects, from the land through to the start of construction.
  • Oversight of execution and of asset management through to monetisation.

Typical situations

  • An underused property portfolio within a group
  • An asset to be monetised without losing its operational use
  • A development project seeking capital

Deliverables

  • Inventory and valuation of the portfolio
  • Value-creation plan with alternatives compared
  • Structured financing and execution overseen

What decides the outcome Treating the property as an asset with a return of its own. While it is read only as support for the activity occupying it, its value appears nowhere.

Service line 02

Restructuring and special situations

Capability 06

Financial restructuring and capital raising

Realigning liabilities to the real capacity to generate cash — and obtaining from creditors the time the transaction needs.

  • Independent business review and thirteen-week cash flow, which establish the real liquidity runway and what is achievable in each window.
  • Negotiation with creditors — standstill, rescheduling, grace period, covenant revision, debt-for-equity or discount — at a single table wherever possible.
  • Design of the capital solution: debt, hybrid instruments, debt-for-equity conversion or entry of an investor, weighing the effect on control.
  • Private placement with banks, credit funds and investors, with the material prepared and the process run.
  • Conduct out of court wherever possible and, where unavoidable, preparation and support of court-supervised reorganisation proceedings.

Typical situations

  • A debt profile misaligned with cash generation
  • Covenants at risk or imminent default
  • Need for capital without diluting control

Deliverables

  • Independent business review and thirteen-week cash flow
  • Term sheet and formal framework agreement with creditors
  • Capital raised and monitoring installed

What decides the outcome A financial plan the business can actually meet. Without that, rescheduling is the same problem deferred.

Capability 07

Economic restructuring (turnaround)

When the problem has stopped being the balance sheet and become the operation — and someone has to be on the ground every day.

  • A diagnosis that separates what has deteriorated from what remains intact and isolates the few decisions that determine the outcome.
  • Recovery plan with milestones, owners and dates, anchored in the weekly cash flow and in crisis governance that tracks it.
  • Simultaneous intervention on all three fronts — financial, corporate and operational — because in isolation none of them resolves matters.
  • Assumption of executive duties where the situation demands it, including that of Chief Restructuring Officer.
  • Conduct of court-supervised reorganisation proceedings and of the negotiation with creditors, employees and regulators.

Typical situations

  • Operational deterioration with fundamentals intact
  • A shareholder conflict blocking the decision
  • A business plan out of step with the market

Deliverables

  • Recovery plan with milestones and owners
  • Crisis governance and continuous monitoring
  • Execution overseen on the ground

What decides the outcome The operational diagnosis, not the financial one. Liabilities are readjusted quickly; the operation meant to serve them is not.

Capability 08

Advisory to creditors

On the other side of the table: representing those with a claim to recover, in court or out of it.

  • Decision analysis on the investment or the exposure — press on, exit or wait — with the cost of each route quantified.
  • Independent assessment of the plan put forward by the debtor and of the recoverable value under going-concern and under liquidation scenarios.
  • Negotiation within the class and coordination among creditors with divergent interests, inside or outside the court process.
  • Structuring of security, of debt-for-equity conversion and of instruments for phased recovery of the claim.
  • Monitoring of the plan's execution and of the debtor's compliance with the commitments given.

Typical situations

  • A creditor in a significant debtor's reorganisation
  • An international investor exposed to a local asset
  • A bilateral renegotiation with security yet to be enforced

Deliverables

  • Assessment of the plan and of recoverable value
  • A negotiating position built and sustained within the class
  • Formal agreement and execution monitored

What decides the outcome Trust. A supported, conservative position is the only way a creditor comes to believe again in numbers that stopped being met.

Capability 09

Special situations and illiquid assets

Assets with no organised market, whose value depends on who knows how to appraise and structure them.

  • Valuation of illiquid assets — past-due loans, receivables, shareholdings in companies under restructuring and litigation rights.
  • Structuring of vehicles to ring-fence liabilities or to recover and dispose of selected assets outside the operating perimeter.
  • Construction of liquidity solutions, from an outright sale to a structured assignment with phased payment and shared recovery.
  • Identification and mobilisation of the specialist investors active in this asset class.
  • Correction of the information asymmetries that account for most of the discount at which these assets trade.

Typical situations

  • A portfolio of past-due or hard-to-collect loans
  • A shareholding in a company under restructuring
  • A litigation right or court-awarded claim to monetise

Deliverables

  • A reasoned valuation of the illiquid asset
  • Vehicle or assignment structure designed
  • Counterparty identified and transaction executed

What decides the outcome The entry price. In an illiquid asset the return is decided on the way in; the exit merely confirms it.

Capability 10

Club deal

Organisation of investor consortia to house and finance transactions that no single party will take on alone.

  • Formation of the consortium: identification of the investors suited to the risk profile and the horizon of the transaction.
  • Structuring of the vehicle that houses the investment, defining contributions, instruments and recovery priority.
  • Negotiation of the agreement among consortium members: governance, reserved matters, exit and dilution.
  • Engagement with distressed private equity managers where the transaction requires additional funding.
  • To avoid conflicts, MCR does not invest in its turnaround clients.

Typical situations

  • A transaction too large for a single investor
  • A turnaround requiring management, governance and funding at once
  • A sound asset with deteriorated financial sustainability

Deliverables

  • Consortium formed and vehicle structured
  • Investor agreement negotiated
  • Funding and capital-recovery plan

What decides the outcome Alignment among investors before the vehicle exists — horizon, exit, and what happens if more capital is needed.

Capability 11

Complex negotiations

Running negotiations with multiple parties and divergent interests, through to the agreement that reconciles them.

  • Mapping of the parties, their real interests and the constraints each of them faces.
  • Design of the negotiation architecture: sequence, scope of each table and reserved matters.
  • Coordination among shareholders, creditors, executives, investors and, where applicable, the regulator.
  • Construction of compromise solutions that preserve value for the parties as a whole.
  • A chronological record of the negotiation — each proposal, its date and the implicit premium over the previous position.

Typical situations

  • Deadlock between shareholders, or between shareholders and creditors
  • A transaction subject to regulatory constraints
  • A restructuring with many creditors and crossing interests

Deliverables

  • Map of parties, interests and the possible zone of agreement
  • Negotiating sequence and reserved matters defined
  • A documented negotiation chronology and a formal agreement

What decides the outcome Who takes part, what information circulates and what happens if there is no agreement — all settled before numbers are discussed.

Service line 03

Boards, shareholders and families

Capability 12

Standing advisory to the board

A seat is not a transaction with a beginning and an end: it is being present at decisions one does not execute — and answering for them on a continuing basis.

  • Opinions on the matters before the board, written before the meeting rather than during it.
  • Macroeconomic framing papers: the long-term outlook on which strategic decisions rest.
  • Governance support — interpretation of the articles, internal regulations and proposals for how the governing bodies function.
  • Managing the relationship between the board and the other governing bodies, including executive management.
  • Membership of negotiating teams, including leading them, on internal or external matters that warrant it.

Typical situations

  • A board without in-house financial expertise
  • A family group professionalising its governance
  • An investment committee deciding on allocation

Deliverables

  • Opinions and framing notes
  • Governance regulations and proposals
  • Continuing presence and declared responsibility

What decides the outcome Arriving at the meeting with the file read and the opinion written. A board decides on what is in front of it — and whoever prepares what is in front of it decides more than it seems.

Capability 13

Corporate governance

Design of the corporate structure, the articles and the shareholders' agreement that sustain the relationship between partners over time.

  • Corporate restructuring: simplification of holding chains, demergers and reorganisation of shareholdings.
  • Revision of the articles: corporate bodies, powers, qualified majorities and matters reserved to the general meeting.
  • Shareholders' agreement: voting rights, admission and exit of partners, pre-emption, tag and drag along.
  • Deadlock-resolution mechanisms and minority protections, preventing the company from being blocked.
  • Definition of the composition of the board and of the interface between shareholders, board and executive management.

Typical situations

  • A corporate structure out of step with the business
  • Entry of a new partner or of a financial investor
  • Recurring conflict for want of clear rules

Deliverables

  • Corporate structure revised and simplified
  • Articles and shareholders' agreement negotiated
  • Governance and deadlock-resolution rules

What decides the outcome Starting from how the company is actually run, not from a model. Transposed governance produces form without function.

Capability 14

Family succession

Preparation and execution of the transfer of wealth between generations, with the valuation and the intra-family negotiation that make it workable.

  • Independent valuation of the estate and of the shareholdings — the indispensable basis for any division all parties will accept.
  • Intra-family negotiation in bilateral meetings, branch by branch, before any joint meeting: that is where expectations adjust and where the division comes to be felt as fair.
  • Design of the transition structure — demerger, family holding, gift or partial disposal — and of its timetable.
  • Definition of each family member's role in ownership, in management and on the corporate bodies.
  • Coordination with the family's tax and legal advisers, keeping the overall design coherent.

Typical situations

  • A generational handover with no succession plan
  • Family branches with divergent projects and horizons
  • Need to separate ownership from management

Deliverables

  • Independent valuation of the estate and shareholdings
  • Transition structure designed and scheduled
  • Family agreement negotiated and formalised

What decides the outcome The bilateral meetings, branch by branch, before any common table. That is where expectations adjust and the division comes to be felt as fair.

Capability 15

Fairness opinions

A board deliberating on a related-party transaction needs an opinion that is not its own.

  • Independent opinion on the financial fairness of the transaction, addressed to the board of directors or to the committee of independent directors formed for the purpose.
  • A reference value range — never a single figure — derived by independent methods: discounted cash flow, trading comparables and precedent transactions.
  • Prior independence check: the fee is fixed and does not depend on the outcome of the transaction.
  • Presentation to the committee, answering its members' questions, with a file built to withstand scrutiny from minority shareholders, the regulator or a court.
  • Selected parameters set out one by one — discount rate, perpetuity growth, terminal multiple — and successive materials recording what changed from the previous version and why.

Typical situations

  • A related-party transaction
  • A board or committee needing independent comfort
  • Disagreement among shareholders over price

Deliverables

  • Reasoned opinion on financial fairness
  • Reference value range, by method
  • Versioned and traceable discussion materials

What decides the outcome Independence being demonstrable: a fixed fee, stated parameters and versioned materials that withstand later scrutiny.

What is argued

The four positions

Convictions that shape how each mandate is conducted — set out to be discussed, not to be accepted.

01

Prior analysis is almost always insufficient

The most frequent error observed in boards, in restructuring, is deciding on a shallow diagnosis. What is usually missing is not financial information: it is the reconciliation between the financial component and the operational one. A rescheduling plan the business cannot meet is not a solution — it is the same problem deferred, with less room and less credibility before the creditors.

02

Valuation: adjusted present value, not weighted average cost of capital

When the capital structure changes across the horizon — the rule in restructuring, in leveraged acquisition and in any transaction with variable debt — discounting cash flow at a constant weighted average cost assumes what it ought to demonstrate. Adjusted present value separates the value of the business from the value of the financing and shows where value actually comes from.

03

The proposal to creditors is an exercise in trust

Negotiating with creditors is, above all, restoring trust. The position put forward has to be supported and conservative — it is the only way a creditor comes to believe again in the numbers of someone who stopped meeting them. And it is because it comes from an independent third party, with no interest in the outcome, that the document can produce that effect.

04

Governance does not transpose

Governance models copied from another company, or from a manual, fail because they match neither the concrete operational reality nor the management history. A board with skills the company does not use, or committees that duplicate decisions already taken elsewhere, produce form without function. Governance is designed from how the company is run — and from who has run it until now.

The academic root of these positions, and the articles behind them, are in Education and research.